Ferromagnetic nanoparticles:collective behavior and josephson magnetometer measurements

Andrey A. Fraerman ( andr-AT-ipm-DOT-sci-nnov-DOT-ru.gif )
Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS, GSP-105 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

The results of the theoretical and experimental investigation of lattices of mesoscopic ferromagnets are presented. Regular two-dimensional rectangular lattices of permalloy nanoparticles (40 nm in diameter) were prepared by electron lithography. The magnetization curves were studied by differential Hall magnetometry for different field orientations and at 4.2 and 77K. The shape of the hysteresis curves indicates that there is a magnetostatic interaction between the particles. The main peculiarity of the system is the existence of remanent magnetization perpendicular to the easy plane. By numerical simulation it is shown that the feature of the magnetization reversal is a result of the interplay of the interparticle interaction and magnetization distribution within the particles (vortex or uniform). As well known, different defects introduced in a Josephson junction can change flux pinning (see for example, [1]). If the ferromagnetic particles are placed near the barrier, their magnetic field will affect flux pinning. Thus a Josephson junction can be used for non-contact investigation of the nanoparticles magnetization distribution. The flux static behavior in the junction determines a field-dependent critical current Ic(H) which can be easily measured. In the case of simple geometry of the particle location on the Josephson junction it will be possible to reconstruct magnetization of the particles using the experimental pattern Ic(H). We fabricated a series of Nb\SiO2\Nb coplanar Josephson junctions with chains of ferromagnetic Co nanoparticles. The optical lithography and lift-off technology were used to form 1 nm wide Josephson microbridges with the Nb thickness of about 0.1nm (Tc = 8.7K). Co nanoparticles were prepared using electron beam lithography with a typical lateral size of 100-200nm and a height of 25nm. Measurements of the critical current Ic(H) were performed by a standard four-terminal method at T=4.2K, in the magnetic field normal to the plane of the junction. The particles were magnetized at room temperature, in the magnetic field of 20 kGs, applied in various directions to the particle chain. It is expected that the remanent distribution of magnetization depends on the magnetic field direction. It is stipulated by both the shape of the particles and their magnetostatic interaction in the chain. The experiment has shown a strong dependence of the diffraction pattern on the distribution of magnetization. These distributions were formed when the magnetic field was applied along the chain of the particles. When the magnetic field was applied normally to the chain, the pattern was the same as in the absence of particles. [1] M. A. Itzler, M. Tinkham. Phys. Rev. B 51 (1995) 435.