Ferromagnetic nanoparticles:collective behavior and josephson magnetometer
measurements
Andrey A. Fraerman (

)
Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS,
GSP-105 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
The results of the theoretical and experimental investigation of lattices of
mesoscopic ferromagnets are presented. Regular two-dimensional rectangular
lattices of permalloy nanoparticles (40 nm in diameter) were prepared by
electron lithography. The magnetization curves were studied by differential
Hall magnetometry for different field orientations and at 4.2 and 77K. The
shape of the hysteresis curves indicates that there is a magnetostatic
interaction between the particles. The main peculiarity of the system is the
existence of remanent magnetization perpendicular to the easy plane. By
numerical simulation it is shown that the feature of the magnetization
reversal is a result of the interplay of the interparticle interaction and
magnetization distribution within the particles (vortex or uniform).
As well known, different defects introduced in a Josephson junction can change
flux pinning (see for example, [1]). If the ferromagnetic particles are placed
near the barrier, their magnetic field will affect flux pinning. Thus a
Josephson junction can be used for non-contact investigation of the
nanoparticles magnetization distribution.
The flux static behavior in the junction determines a field-dependent critical
current Ic(H) which can be easily measured. In the case of simple geometry of
the particle location on the Josephson junction it will be possible to
reconstruct magnetization of the particles using the experimental pattern
Ic(H). We fabricated a series of Nb\SiO2\Nb coplanar Josephson junctions with
chains of ferromagnetic Co nanoparticles. The optical lithography and lift-off
technology were used to form 1 nm wide Josephson microbridges with the
Nb thickness of about 0.1nm (Tc = 8.7K). Co nanoparticles were prepared
using electron beam lithography with a typical lateral size of 100-200nm and
a height of 25nm. Measurements of the critical current Ic(H) were performed
by a standard four-terminal method at T=4.2K, in the magnetic field normal to
the plane of the junction.
The particles were magnetized at room temperature, in the magnetic field of 20
kGs, applied in various directions to the particle chain. It is expected that
the remanent distribution of magnetization depends on the magnetic field
direction. It is stipulated by both the shape of the particles and their
magnetostatic interaction in the chain. The experiment has shown a strong
dependence of the diffraction pattern on the distribution of magnetization.
These distributions were formed when the magnetic field was applied along the
chain of the particles. When the magnetic field was applied normally to the
chain, the pattern was the same as in the absence of particles.
[1] M. A. Itzler, M. Tinkham. Phys. Rev. B 51 (1995) 435.